BIO 406 Exam 3 study guide Fall 2006
My suggestions for study:
Review notes while looking at lecture slides on the web
Read the chapters with notes/lectures as a guide for what to
focus on in the book
Go over the review questions suggested below
Suggested review questions
from Brock/Madigan for second exam:
|
Chapter |
Review Questions |
|
11 |
1-3, 5-11 |
|
18 |
1,2,4-6,8 |
|
20 |
2-6, 9, 11-14 |
|
21 |
1-8, 10-12 |
Practice Questions:
1. The most abundant gases in the early atmosphere of the Earth were probably
A. CH4, CO2, O2, N2.
B. CH4, H2, O2, N2.
C. CH4, CO2, N2, NH3.
D. H2, CO2, O2, N2.
2. Compared to today, the temperature on Earth during its first half billion years was probably
A. considerably warmer (averaging perhaps 100°C).
B. considerably colder (averaging perhaps 10°C).
C. about the same as today.
D. about the same as today on average but the diurnal fluctuations were much greater.
3. The earliest RNA probably functioned in
A. catalysis.
B. genetic coding.
C. both catalysis and genetic coding.
D. neither catalysis nor genetic coding.
4. The most widely used molecular chronometer is
A. DNA.
B. ATPase.
C. ribosomal RNA.
D. cytochrome C.
5. The focus of sequencing efforts for prokaryotic evolutionary studies has been on which rRNA subunit?
A. 5S.
B. 16S.
C. 18S.
D. 23S.
6. The Universal Ancestor is
A. the first life form that subsequently gave rise to all known life forms.
B. the individual ancestor of each of the three domains.
C. actually somewhat of a misnomer because it is now believed that each of the domains arose independently.
D. none of the above.
7. Which is not a property one would associate with a "primitive" state of microbial evolution?
A. Hyperthermophilic
B. Aerobic metabolism
C. Small genome
D. Branching near the root of the evolutionary tree of life
8. The atmosphere of primitive Earth is usually classified as an _______ atmosphere.
A. oxidizing
B. reducing
C. anoxygenic
D. oxygenic
E. b and c
9. Self-replication was an essential characteristic for the earliest organisms.
A. True
B. False
10. The earliest nucleic acid was probably a simple DNA molecule.
A. True
B. False
11. When taken collectively, ribozymes can catalyze a wide variety of biochemical reactions, including peptide bond formation.
A. True
B. False
12. The establishment of DNA as the genome of the cell may have resulted from the need to store genetic information in a more stable form than RNA.
A. True
B. False
13. DNA polymerases are less precise than RNA polymerases.
A. True
B. False
14. Fossilized microbial mats consisting of layers of filamentous prokaryotes and trapped sediment are known as __________.
A. molecular chronometers
B. ribozymes
C. stromatolites
D. endosymbionts
15. Two eukaryotic organelles that are possibly the result of endosymbiotic uptake are the __________ and the __________.
A. RNA / DNA
B. mitochondrion / chloroplast
C. centriole / nucleus
D. cell membrane / golgi apparatus
16. Agents that kill or destroy bacteria are said to be
A. bacteriostatic.
B. bacteriocidal.
C. inhibitory.
D. all of the above
17. UV radiation is antimicrobial because
A. the radiation generates magnetic poles which denature the cellular components.
B. the energy present causes links between adjacent thymines in the DNA molecules, which can cause accumulation of lethal mutations.
C. the radiation generates significant amounts of heat within the given cell.
D. all of the above
18. The antimicrobial effectiveness of which of the following is limited to exposed surfaces:
A. X-rays and gamma rays
B. microwaves
C. UV rays
D. electrons
19. In the agar diffusion method (Kirby Bauer Technique) of studying antimicrobial action, the __________ is measured.
A.
diameter
of the zone of inhibition
B.
turbidity
of the medium
C.
diameter
of the individual microbial colonies
D.
distance
between the microbial colonies
20. Cold sterilization (for example,
sterilizing heat sensitive plastic Petri dishes) is performed using
A.
dry
ice.
B.
high
pressure chambers.
C.
exceptionally
low temperatures.
D.
sterilant
gasses such as ethylene oxide.
21. Water is most commonly sterilized
with:
A. fluorine
B. chlorine
C. bromine
D. iodine
22. Primary targets for antibiotic action include
A.
peptidoglycan.
B.
nucleic
acid synthesis.
C.
protein
synthesis.
D.
all
of the above
23. The beta-lactam antibiotics
A.
inhibit
cell wall assembly.
B.
inhibit
plasma membrane synthesis
C.
prevent
chromosomal replication.
D.
inhibit
protein synthesis.
24. The most successful agents used
for antiviral chemotherapy are
A.
nucleoside
analogs.
B.
protein
synthesis inhibitors.
C.
membrane
sterol inhibitors.
D.
ATP
reductase inhibitors.
25. Which statement(s) is/are true?
A.
Virulence
is a measure of pathogenicity.
B.
Host-parasite
interactions result in constantly changing susceptibility of the host to the
parasite.
C.
Microbial
parasites are called pathogens.
D.
all
of the above
26. Which statement(s) is/are true?
A.
Microorganisms
tend to be found on those mucosal surfaces exposed to the environment.
B.
A
surgical scrub is designed to remove all the transient flora and some of the
resident flora, but can never sterilize the skin.
C.
Microorganisms
are not normally found in the blood.
D.
all
of the above
27. Which one of the following regions
of the gastrointestinal tract has both the largest population of bacteria and
the greatest species diversity?
A.
oral
cavity
B.
colon
C.
stomach
D.
all
have about the same population of cells
28. Flatulence is
A.
a
typical morphology of archaea.
B.
Formed
in part by normal flora of the GI tract
C.
Includes
the gasses; H2, CH4, CO2.
D.
B
and C
29. Which statement is true about an
exotoxin?
A.
It
is released from the cell and works at a site distant from the site of
infection.
B.
It
is LPS associated.
C.
It
is the primary virulence factor in Streptococcus
pneumoniae infection.
D.
All
of the above.
30. In general, which type of
infectious disease has been most successfully controlled with antibiotics?
A.
protozoal
B.
viral
C.
bacterial
D.
fungal
31. Mechanisms of antibiotic
resistance include
A.
inactivation
of beta-lactamases
B.
bypassing
sulfa-drug inhibited metabolic pathway
C.
activating
a drug pump
D.
all
of the above
E.
none
of the above
32. Membrane filtration is most used to:
A.
sterilize
heat sensitive liquids
B.
pasteurize
C.
separate
bacteria by cell morphology
D.
none
of the above
33. Since fungi are eukaryotes like
humans, chemotherapy targets that have high specificity and low side effects
are rare. One target of fungal therapy
that is specific to fungal _________________ is Nystatin.
A.
nucleic
acids
B.
membrane
sterols
C.
cytoskeletons
D.
cell
walls
34. Consider the normal flora of the
human GI tract. An acid tolerant
facultative organism would be most likely to reside in the _________, while a
neutral pH loving obligate anaerobe would most likely be found in the
_____________.
A.
small
intestine / large intestine
B.
stomach
/ oral cavity
C.
small
intestine / stomach
D.
none
of the above
35. The most common cause of the
acquisition of antibiotic resistance is:
A.
transfer
of R-factor plasmids
B.
herd
immunity
C.
production
of antibiotics by the organism
D.
vaccination
36. Following pasteurization, the
treated beverage is:
A.
sterile
B.
free
of pathogens
C.
autoclaved
D.
free
of endospore formers
37. A common use for the process of
lyophilization is:
A.
long
term storage of bacterial cultures
B.
pasteurization
of fruit juices
C.
sterilization
of coffee
D.
none
of the above
38. The antimicrobial compound which
has a beta-lactam core and R-groups that are different from the original
molecule are best described as
A.
semi-synthetic
antimicrobials
B.
aminoglycosides
C.
protein
synthesis inhibitors
D.
none
of the above
39. What is the enzyme found in saliva
that cleaves glycosidic linkages in the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell
wall?
A.
Lactoperoxidase
B.
Lactoferrin
C.
Hyaluronidase
D.
Lysozyme
40. Which is a major virulence factor
that prevents phagocytosis by the host defense systems?
A.
Capsule
B.
Exotoxin
C.
Pili
D.
Streptokinase
41. Microbial ecologists deal with the
manner in which microbes
A.
interact
with each other
B.
interact
with their environment
C.
utilize
resources
D.
all
of the above
42. The Latin term used when an
organism is studied in its natural environment is:
A. in vivo
B. in vitro
C. in situ
D. in tolo
43. Laser tweezers are used for
A.
testing the purity of culture.
B.
obtaining pure culture.
C.
separating aerobes from anaerobes.
D.
enhancing the growth of fastidious organisms.
44. Laser
technology is especially useful for isolating __________ organisms.
A.
slow-growing
B.
fast-growing
C.
fastidious
D.
anaerobic
45. Phylogenetic
staining is most often performed using specific nucleic acid sequences specific
to:
A.
ribosomal RNA.
B.
mitochondrial DNA.
C.
nuclear DNA.
D.
RNA polymerase.
46. Which
molecular method allows for the detection of specific organisms within a
community?
A.
Fluorescent staining using DAPI
B.
Viability staining
C.
Enrichment techniques
D.
Fluorescent antibodies
47. GFP
stands for:
A.
gleeful
frolicking play
B.
green
fried potatoes
C.
grand
fluorescent polymerase
D.
green
fluorescent protein
E.
none
of the above
48. FISH stands for:
A.
fish
B.
fluorescence
in situ homogeneousness
C.
fluorescence
in situ hybridization
D.
all
of the above
E.
none
of the above
49. FISH would best be used to:
A.
provide
sequence information on the numerous genomes in an environmental sample
B.
provide
cfu/ml in an environmental sample
C.
provide
information as to the diversity or relatedness of microbes in a sample
D.
be
eaten with French fries and tartar sauce