glacial moraine

Definition: The term moraine is defined differently by many authors. Here the term is used in reference to most glacial deposits having a distinct morphology. A very general term that includes just about everything but eskers and kames.

Linear moraine parallel to ice flow

features produced by subglacial streamlining
- flutes and drumlins
crevasse-fill ridges/ice-pressed forms (example: Crevasses in Till, Melville Peninsula, Nunavut)
ice-marginal forms parallel to ice flow
- lateral moraines
- some medial moraines
- interlobate moraines
medial moraines (rarely preserved)

Linear moraines transverse to ice flow

Sub-glacial

Rogen moraine
- formed by
  - subglacial thrusting of debris-rich ice
  - subsole deformation of transverse sediment deposits
  - rogen moraines in Nova Scotia
De Geer moraine
- Subaqueous, waterlain ridges of till and stratified sediment deposited at the base of a glacier near the grounding line
crevasse-fill ridges/ice-pressed forms

Ice-marginal forms

End moraines: End moraines are drift ridges deposited along the snout of a glacier. Although most end moraine have some till, many may contain ice-contact glacial fluvial, lacustrine, marine deposits, or preglacial sediments.
The size and composition of an end moraine depends on
- Thermal regime
  - The largest moraines are related to polythermal conditions
- Fluctuations in mass balance, which controls rate of advance and length of time the margin occupies a location and annual fluctuations
- Availability of debris
- Terminal setting: marine, lacustrine, or terrestrial
Types of end moraines
- Moraine terminology based on time of deposition
  - Terminal moraine
  - recessional moraine
  - annual moraine
- Depositional process and composition
  - Dumped moraine
  - Glaciotectonic: created by pushing of proglacial debris or up thrusting of debris from the base.
    - thrust moraines
    - Contain blocks of upthrusted bedrock, preglacial sediment or periglacial sediment
      - hill-hole pairs (Devils Lake ND)
      - composite moraines (multiple ridges)
    - Push moraine (Gran Campo Nevado, Chile)
      - bulldozed moraines created by a short-term readvance during recession
  - kame or kame delta moraines (glacial fluvial frontal fans)

Nonlinear moraine

Ground moraine: The distinct morphology of ground moraine is that it has none. Ground moraine refers to the blanket of till left draped over the topography upon the retreat of a glacier.
Hummocky moraine: Cyprus Hills SW Saskatchewan

Moraine images, etc.